大河恋

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每個人一生中都有那麼一次，向著所愛的人問同一句話：「主啊 ！我們願意幫忙。」但是，幫什麼忙呢？的確，我們無法幫助親 人。我們不知要獻出自己的那一部分；然而，往往我們奉獻出的 部分，並不是對方所需的。因此，與我們生活在一起的親人中， 我們該知道誰會逃避我們；但是，我們仍會愛他們，完完全全地 愛他們，卻不需要完全地了解他們。


── 麥克林牧師臨終前主日講道辭 ──

　　 十二年在人的一生歲月中，也許不算太長；但是，對於一個勇於探索人生，尋求生命終極意義的人而言，足夠作為蘊釀人生信念與突破的時期；勞勃．瑞福 (Robert Redford)便是一位這樣自我挑戰的導演。他在1980年初次所執導《凡夫俗子》影片中，探討一個都市中產家庭裡所隱藏的母子親情溝通危機（註一），一新世人耳目之後；又在1992 年所拍攝的《大河戀》影片中，深刻描繪一個鄉村牧師家庭的父子親情教育與限制（註二），展現了邁向電影大師的成熟風格。這幾部作品具體表達了勞勃瑞福對親情的關切，並進一步探求人生的終極關懷；在眾多娛樂掛帥的好萊塢主流電影中，彷彿一股清流，洗滌觀眾的心靈。

　　 勞勃瑞福在拍攝《大河戀》時做了一個重要決定，便是保留原著中第一人稱的觀點，由作者諾曼麥克林(Norman Maclean)親自娓娓道來他家族的故事；使觀眾覺得不只是看到一些人事變故，並了解到這是作者成長經歷與其中學習到的生命原則。若是忽略這些原則，這不過是部描述沐浴在瑰麗山河景色中，人們成長與釣魚的故事，正如此片在台灣上演的宣傳廣告詞 ── 一部令人清新耳目的河川環保影片。

　　 這部影片若有什麼缺失的話，便是它是部容易失去微妙意義關連的細緻作品；因為片中前後三分之一的影像風格，展現了美國西部蒙大拿州大自然風景的奧秘與魅力，讓觀眾充份感受到一種屬於精神上的喜悅和心靈上的平靜，反而忽略劇中人物的心理變化。

　　 其實，這部詩意的影片是談論一位父親教導兒子們有關他的人生信念和生活原則，以及親情間的溝通與限制。在影片中，麥克林牧師除了在主日崇拜育兒子們聖經的道理之外，且以半科學與半宗教的方法傳授他們蠅釣的技術（註三），來體驗上帝所造大自然的生命規律。蠅釣除了是一項在十點鐘到二點鐘方向範圍內，以四拍子節奏表現的技藝之外，更是麥克林父子情感交流，傳遞經驗價值的家庭活動。

　　就清教徒倫理而言，這活動在上帝國度裡是個完的隱喻——等於藝術、直覺、以及技藝知識，它可說是最佳的個人與群體活動。釣手總是盡力超越一般垂釣原則，找到符合他們自己的拋繩節奏，力求達到完美的力與美組合。對於麥克林牧師而言，惟有掌握上帝的節拍，我們才能重獲力與美；一切的善——永恆的救贖也好，釣大鱒魚也好——都是由神恩而來，神恩又由藝術而來，而藝術得之不易（註四）。

　　 在父親同樣信念地諄諄教導之下，哥哥諾曼和弟弟保羅自小在處理面對所有的事情上，卻是以做得對與做得美的界線間有所區隔地逐漸長大成人。諾曼從小就聽話受教，在父親嚴格的指導之下，寫出一手精簡清晰的好文章與得自父親真傳的蠅釣技術；長大之後，成為芝加哥大學文學教授，為父親增添不少光采。保羅自小卻是叛逆成性，心中有股自我成就的強大驅力；從早上拒吃數千年來上帝賜給人作食物的燕麥，到長大後放棄父傳的十點鐘到二點鐘拋繩方式，自創影子釣法（註五），成為一流的蠅釣大師。

　　在麥克林父子最後一次一同釣魚的時候，保羅曾一展影釣的完美身手，博得父親贈予天才的名號。不過，自我成就的驅力在失去人生方向的時候，便容易成為自我毀滅的動力；在好賭與酗酒的纏索之下，保羅在極為年輕的歲月便走完他的一生，留給一家人無限的悲痛與遺憾。

　　 保羅死後，麥克林牧師有次詢問諾曼有關保羅的事；從彼此的談話中，才知雙方都假定對方知道保羅的事，可是除了知道他是位天才釣手外，對其他卻是一無所知，都深深遺憾未能幫助保羅脫離困境。牧師對諾曼說道：「你太年輕，無法幫上任何人的忙，而我卻太老了。所謂幫助，並不是某種慇懃的好意，像是供應野櫻桃果醬或是給錢；而是將你自己的一部分給予某人，讓他能夠欣然地接受，且迫切地需要。」也許，是基於對人性需要與限制的了解，麥克林牧師臨終前的主日講道辭，道出了他心中潛藏已久的感受；並且以下述詩作的心情而終（註六）：

淡入心靈和記憶中的父子情
 
劉鎮歐
 
記憶不是完全地渾沌，也不是赤裸裸的；
為追求榮耀的雲煙，才來到世上。
我們自上帝的家園離開，雖然繁花春草不再，我們不再悲哀；
在殘花衰草中，努力栽種。
原始的同情心不可喪失，受難時的平心靜氣不可失，以愛的信心
看透死亡。
感謝我們所寫出的心靈！感謝心中的溫柔、歡愉和畏懼！
在我認為：最卑賤的花開放時，也能使長年以淚洗面者省思。


　　 導演勞勃．瑞福和攝影師菲立浦．盧瑟拉德(Philippe Rousselet) 以令人驚喜的視覺形式主義(Visual Formalism)方式，捕捉到麥克林一家人生命中重要時刻的轉變：大黑腳河畔的垂釣、牧師的主日講道、諾曼接到芝加哥大學的聘書、保羅的死訊、以及影片前後諾曼的回溯記憶，深刻地描繪隱藏其間的感情流動。其中最令我動容的一幕，便是諾曼在一家人難得團聚的晚餐上，宣布收到芝加哥大學寄來的聘書；頓時一陣沈默，一股驕傲欣喜之情充滿整個餐廳。

　　 牧師夫婦很快地交換了一個會心微笑的眼神，同聲說道：「親愛的！看啊！我們的兒子。」夫婦雙方的欣喜之心取代了原先詢問保羅新鮮事的好奇之心，一個反應鏡頭捕捉到保羅聽到消息，略為一怔，隨後轉為高興的面容；此刻，保羅知道：他絕不會離開蒙大拿。

　　 大黑腳河是條家族之河，訴說著麥克林家族悲歡的故事。麥克林牧師用心教導兒子們體驗上帝所造大自然的規律；小兒子保羅卻擺脫所有自然的規律，像是一件藝術作品，昂立在大河之上；大兒子諾曼謹承父訓，明確地知道：人生不是藝術，那一刻不會長久。諾曼麥克林在年老時，回首在大黑腳河畔成長的歲月，寫下他自己家族的故事——那些與他共同生活，他所愛，並且是應有所了解卻不了解之人的故事，一條河貫穿所有的記憶，所有的人、事、物、景都淡入了心靈深處。

一直以为，在急流中钓到鳟鱼，是每个钓鱼者最值得骄傲的时刻之一，虽然我只做过在湖面上的舟钓，但也足够让我去幻想在河岸边，水流击打着自己，钓丝掠过水面，然后一瞬间，鳟鱼上钩的情景。想是想了很多遍了，但一直不知道应该把地点放在哪里，终于，劳勃．瑞福(Robert Redford) 的电影<大河恋>(A River Runs Through It 又译作<大河奔流>)，让我找到了寄托的地方。
　　
　　蒙太拿，是诺曼麦克林(Norman Maclean)成长的地方，<大河恋>正是改编自他的同名自传小说。家乡的大布莱克本河，是诺曼（由葛瑞克．薛佛 Craig Sheffer扮演)和弟弟保罗（Paul，由布莱德．彼特Brad Pitt扮演）自小游玩的地方，是他们父亲，一位严格而又慈爱的牧师，教导他们信仰和钓鱼的地方。诺曼和保罗，在大自然中成长，在蝇钓（一种在钓钩上系羽毛和彩线，伪装成蝇虫，以诱鱼上钓的钓鱼法）中学习与自然相处之道。
　　
　　习惯“做得对”的诺曼从小就以父亲为榜样，在父亲严格的指导之下，对文学产生了浓厚的兴趣，并进入Dartmouth College深造.而他的弟弟，喜欢“做得美”的保罗却生性豪放不羁，这在他年少时说服诺曼同他一起用木船冲击激流时候就可见一斑。保罗热爱自己的家乡，深深地恋着这条大布莱克本河，成年后在蒙太拿当了一名新闻记者。当诺曼结束六年的求学从东岸回家后，兄弟俩立刻跑去钓鱼。诺曼发现，在自己离家的岁月里,弟弟已经成为一名蝇钓的艺术家。
　　
　　但“生活不是艺术品”。保罗是一名生活中的艺术家，但当自我成就的驱力在失去人生方向的时候，便容易成为自我毁灭的动力。当诺曼与家乡的一位女孩积丝堕入爱河的时候，他也不安地发现，自己的弟弟已经深陷酗酒和赌博的泥潭。但全家人都不愿去提及这件事，因为他们深信以保罗的性格，他不理睬他们的规劝和帮助。保罗最终都无法打败迷惑自己的心魔，而他的父母兄弟，只能站在一旁，眼睁睁的看着他一步步走向毁灭却又无能为力。他们可能都在不自觉中选择了沉默，因为沉默一旦被打破，他们一直以来小心翼翼的维持的平衡就会被破坏，他们之间的爱与希望，他们之间的被保护得好好的关系，也将会被打破。保罗的放荡不羁，最终让他，让麦克林一家付出了沉重的代价。而更让人痛心的是，原来他们一直忽略了保罗其实也是需要人去理解，去帮助。“可能他会喜欢肯帮助他的人。”保罗曾经这样对诺曼说过。这其实是他在隐隐发出的求助信号，可惜却没有被接受到。
　　
　　一直都想不明白，在人生当中，是爱重要，还是理解更重要些。无疑麦克林一家是彼此爱护的，不管是温顺的诺曼还是豪放的保罗。但是，他们却并不彼此理解。诺曼和他的双亲都深深遗憾没能好好的了解保罗，只知道他是一个很出色的钓鱼高手，但其实，保罗又何尝是完全了解他们？自小，保罗就率性而为，他又是否考虑过自己家人的心情？他又是否理解诺曼在赌场前无奈的眼神？
　　
　　麦克林牧师可能是认为，爱，是最重要的。在他的最后一次布告中，他这样说到：“每个人一生中都有那么一次，向著所爱的人问同一句话：「主啊！我们愿意帮忙。」但是，帮什么忙呢？的确，我们无法帮助亲人。我们不知要献出自己的那一部分；然而，往往我们奉献出的部分，并不是对方所需的。因此，与我们生活在一起的亲人中，我们该知道谁会逃避我们；但是，我们仍会爱他们，完完全全地爱他们，却不需要完全地了解他们。”
　　
　　完完全全的爱，不需要完完全全的理解。在蒙太拿美丽的风光中，在奔腾的大布莱克本河上，在保罗甩出的钓丝中，在他终于完成自己最成功的一次蝇钓后展现的笑容中，一切的一切，都是麦克林一家所热爱的。或许，无论是爱还是理解，都是人心中最重要的情感。正如麦克林牧师在电影诺曼一起朗诵的诗歌所说：
　　
　“记忆不是完全地浑沌，也不是赤裸裸的；
　　为追求荣耀的云烟，才来到世上。
　　我们自上帝的家园离开，虽然繁花春草不再，我们不再悲哀；
　　在残花衰草中，努力栽种。
　　原始的同情心不可丧失，受难时的平心静气不可失，以爱的信心看透死亡。
　　感谢我们所写出的心灵！感谢心中的温柔、欢愉和畏惧！
　　在我认为：最卑*的花开放时，也能使长年以泪洗面者省思。”
　　
　　大布莱克本河是条家族之河，诉说著麦克林家族悲欢的故事。诺曼麦克林在年老时，回首在河畔成长的岁月，写下他自己家族的故事──那些与他共同生活，他所爱，并且是应有所了解却不了解之人的故事，一条河贯穿所有的记忆，所有的人、事、物、景都淡入了心灵深处。“最终，所有的一切都会流入奔腾的大河，融为一体。”
　　
　　<大河恋>是对这种记忆的诠释，是一部触动心灵深处的诗意作品。影片为观众展现了家庭及手足间的亲情和关怀，以及在垂钓中得到的精神满足。摄影师菲立浦．卢瑟拉德(Philippe Rousselet)的拍摄手法再现了小说中的景象：蒙太拿的山，河，天空和草原。而影片中的配乐则和其相益辉映，共同营造完美的感官享受。

拍的真稳，整个片子都有一种大气但是不招摇的稳重感。故事不大，却像大河般的沉稳厚重，刻画出了兄弟俩对生活 对生命的态度。喜欢蒙大拿的风光镜头和配乐，自然却有力量，和父亲开篇的那段石头与宗教的叙述特别吻合。飞钓的镜头和收音看的也是舒坦。最后的点题之句，你可以完全的爱一个你不了解的人，应该是对爱的一个美好定义了。称赞一下嫩的出水的皮特，几场戏的小表情眼神，简直不能更棒了。尤其是最后的钓鱼，那个举着大鱼的少年让多少人怀念啊。

影片中出现的：

Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:
The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star,
Hath had elsewhere its setting,
And cometh from afar:
Not in entire forgetfulness,
And not in utter nakedness,
But trailing clouds of glory do we come
From God, who is our home
Nothing can bring back the hour
Norman begins reciting some of the same lines by memory, and he and his father trade lines back and forth...

Of splendour in the grass, of glory in the flower;
We will grieve not, rather find
Strength in what remains behind;
In the primal sympathy
Which having been must ever be;
In the soothing thoughts that spring
Out of human suffering;
In the faith that looks through death
Thanks to the human heart by which we live,
Thanks to its tenderness, its joys, and fears,
To me the meanest flower that blows can give
And they complete the last line in unison...
                     


                                --- William Wordsworth
"Ode：Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood".


全篇：

Ode
Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood
   
THERE was a time when meadow, grove, and stream,
    The earth, and every common sight,
            To me did seem
    Apparell'd in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream. 5
It is not now as it hath been of yore;—
        Turn wheresoe'er I may,
            By night or day,
The things which I have seen I now can see no more.
  
        The rainbow comes and goes, 10
        And lovely is the rose;
        The moon doth with delight
    Look round her when the heavens are bare;
        Waters on a starry night
        Are beautiful and fair; 15
    The sunshine is a glorious birth;
    But yet I know, where'er I go,
That there hath pass'd away a glory from the earth.
  
Now, while the birds thus sing a joyous song,
    And while the young lambs bound 20
        As to the tabor's sound,
To me alone there came a thought of grief:
A timely utterance gave that thought relief,
        And I again am strong:
The cataracts blow their trumpets from the steep; 25
No more shall grief of mine the season wrong;
I hear the echoes through the mountains throng,
The winds come to me from the fields of sleep,
        And all the earth is gay;
            Land and sea 30
    Give themselves up to jollity,
      And with the heart of May
    Doth every beast keep holiday;—
          Thou Child of Joy,
Shout round me, let me hear thy shouts, thou happy 35
    Shepherd-boy!
  
Ye blessèd creatures, I have heard the call
    Ye to each other make; I see
The heavens laugh with you in your jubilee;
    My heart is at your festival, 40
      My head hath its coronal,
The fulness of your bliss, I feel—I feel it all.
        O evil day! if I were sullen
        While Earth herself is adorning,
            This sweet May-morning, 45
        And the children are culling
            On every side,
        In a thousand valleys far and wide,
        Fresh flowers; while the sun shines warm,
And the babe leaps up on his mother's arm:— 50
        I hear, I hear, with joy I hear!
        —But there's a tree, of many, one,
A single field which I have look'd upon,
Both of them speak of something that is gone:
          The pansy at my feet 55
          Doth the same tale repeat:
Whither is fled the visionary gleam?
Where is it now, the glory and the dream?
  
Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting:
The Soul that rises with us, our life's Star, 60
        Hath had elsewhere its setting,
          And cometh from afar:
        Not in entire forgetfulness,
        And not in utter nakedness,
But trailing clouds of glory do we come 65
        From God, who is our home:
Heaven lies about us in our infancy!
Shades of the prison-house begin to close
        Upon the growing Boy,
But he beholds the light, and whence it flows, 70
        He sees it in his joy;
The Youth, who daily farther from the east
    Must travel, still is Nature's priest,
      And by the vision splendid
      Is on his way attended; 75
At length the Man perceives it die away,
And fade into the light of common day.
  
Earth fills her lap with pleasures of her own;
Yearnings she hath in her own natural kind,
And, even with something of a mother's mind, 80
        And no unworthy aim,
    The homely nurse doth all she can
To make her foster-child, her Inmate Man,
    Forget the glories he hath known,
And that imperial palace whence he came. 85
  
Behold the Child among his new-born blisses,
A six years' darling of a pigmy size!
See, where 'mid work of his own hand he lies,
Fretted by sallies of his mother's kisses,
With light upon him from his father's eyes! 90
See, at his feet, some little plan or chart,
Some fragment from his dream of human life,
Shaped by himself with newly-learnèd art;
    A wedding or a festival,
    A mourning or a funeral; 95
        And this hath now his heart,
    And unto this he frames his song:
        Then will he fit his tongue
To dialogues of business, love, or strife;
        But it will not be long 100
        Ere this be thrown aside,
        And with new joy and pride
The little actor cons another part;
Filling from time to time his 'humorous stage'
With all the Persons, down to palsied Age, 105
That Life brings with her in her equipage;
        As if his whole vocation
        Were endless imitation.
  
Thou, whose exterior semblance doth belie
        Thy soul's immensity; 110
Thou best philosopher, who yet dost keep
Thy heritage, thou eye among the blind,
That, deaf and silent, read'st the eternal deep,
Haunted for ever by the eternal mind,—
        Mighty prophet! Seer blest! 115
        On whom those truths do rest,
Which we are toiling all our lives to find,
In darkness lost, the darkness of the grave;
Thou, over whom thy Immortality
Broods like the Day, a master o'er a slave, 120
A presence which is not to be put by;
          To whom the grave
Is but a lonely bed without the sense or sight
        Of day or the warm light,
A place of thought where we in waiting lie; 125
Thou little Child, yet glorious in the might
Of heaven-born freedom on thy being's height,
Why with such earnest pains dost thou provoke
The years to bring the inevitable yoke,
Thus blindly with thy blessedness at strife? 130
Full soon thy soul shall have her earthly freight,
And custom lie upon thee with a weight,
Heavy as frost, and deep almost as life!
  
        O joy! that in our embers
        Is something that doth live, 135
        That nature yet remembers
        What was so fugitive!
The thought of our past years in me doth breed
Perpetual benediction: not indeed
For that which is most worthy to be blest— 140
Delight and liberty, the simple creed
Of childhood, whether busy or at rest,
With new-fledged hope still fluttering in his breast:—
        Not for these I raise
        The song of thanks and praise; 145
    But for those obstinate questionings
    Of sense and outward things,
    Fallings from us, vanishings;
    Blank misgivings of a Creature
Moving about in worlds not realized, 150
High instincts before which our mortal Nature
Did tremble like a guilty thing surprised:
        But for those first affections,
        Those shadowy recollections,
      Which, be they what they may, 155
Are yet the fountain-light of all our day,
Are yet a master-light of all our seeing;
  Uphold us, cherish, and have power to make
Our noisy years seem moments in the being
Of the eternal Silence: truths that wake, 160
            To perish never:
Which neither listlessness, nor mad endeavour,
            Nor Man nor Boy,
Nor all that is at enmity with joy,
Can utterly abolish or destroy! 165
    Hence in a season of calm weather
        Though inland far we be,
Our souls have sight of that immortal sea
        Which brought us hither,
    Can in a moment travel thither, 170
And see the children sport upon the shore,
And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore.
  
Then sing, ye birds, sing, sing a joyous song!
        And let the young lambs bound
        As to the tabor's sound! 175
We in thought will join your throng,
      Ye that pipe and ye that play,
      Ye that through your hearts to-day
      Feel the gladness of the May!
What though the radiance which was once so bright 180
Be now for ever taken from my sight,
    Though nothing can bring back the hour
Of splendour in the grass, of glory in the flower;
      We will grieve not, rather find
      Strength in what remains behind; 185
      In the primal sympathy
      Which having been must ever be;
      In the soothing thoughts that spring
      Out of human suffering;
      In the faith that looks through death, 190
In years that bring the philosophic mind.
  
And O ye Fountains, Meadows, Hills, and Groves,
Forebode not any severing of our loves!
Yet in my heart of hearts I feel your might;
I only have relinquish'd one delight 195
To live beneath your more habitual sway.
I love the brooks which down their channels fret,
Even more than when I tripp'd lightly as they;
The innocent brightness of a new-born Day
            Is lovely yet; 200
The clouds that gather round the setting sun
Do take a sober colouring from an eye
That hath kept watch o'er man's mortality;
Another race hath been, and other palms are won.
Thanks to the human heart by which we live, 205
Thanks to its tenderness, its joys, and fears,
To me the meanest flower that blows can give
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.


摘自网络。仅作记录。